which of the following was a progressive era reform

They experienced their own progressive reforms, typically with the explicit goal of upgrading country life. The result was a permanent closing of red light districts in major cities. Muckrakers were journalists who encouraged readers to demand more regulation of business. Place the following Progressive accomplishments in chronological order. Resources. [188][189] The most successful reforms came from the farmers who pursued agricultural extension, as their proposed changes were consistent with existing modernizing trends toward more efficiency and more profit in agriculture. The weakened economy and persistent federal deficits led to changes in fiscal policy, including the imposition of federal income taxes on businesses and individuals and the creation of the Federal Reserve System. Immediately after the Civil War, Susan B. Anthony, a strong and outspoken advocate of women's rights, demanded that the Fourteenth Amendment include a guarantee of the vote for women as well as for African-American males. But they tended to agree that those were the most important battles that had to be fought in order to bring about a democratic revival. [214], Elite Filipina women played a major role in the reform movement, especially on health issues. [245] Alternatively called home arts, the major curriculum reform in women's education was influenced by the publication of Treatise on Domestic Economy, written by Catherine Beecher in 1843. * By 1930, the percentage of the total workforce comprised of women was larger than the total percentage of all women who worked.-------------------------------------INCORRECT: x In 1920, there were more women in the labor force than men. The main objective of the Progressive movement was eliminating corruption in government. Political machines also impacted the legitimacy of votes, which was one reason reformers vote for political change. The Panic of 1907 was followed by a small decline in real wages and increased unemployment, with both trends continuing until World War I. Campbell emphasizes the resulting stress on public finance and the impact on the Wilson administration's policies. [285] The work was not nearly as dramatic as the suffrage crusade, but women voted[286] and operated quietly and effectively. By 1897 in 11 Southern and border states the Democratic party held primaries to select candidates. [206], Progressives looked to legal arbitration as an alternative to warfare. Which of the following was a Progressive Era reform? [144] Reform projects were especially notable in rural areas, where the great majority of Southern blacks lived. Wickersham and his staff, all expert lawyers, were not experts in business management. The Progressive Era (18961917) was a period of widespread social activism and political reform across the United States focused on defeating corruption, monopoly, waste and inefficiency. Hiram Johnson, the reform Republican governor of California, became Roosevelt's running mate. [71], In the south, prohibition was high on the agenda but controversial. [113][114], When candidates for office were selected by the party caucus (meetings open to the public) or by statewide party conventions of elected delegates, the public lost a major opportunity to shape policy. The 16th Amendment did away with apportionment and created a direct income tax based on how much money each person makes each year. 2012. The Progressive Era amendments addressed important social and political issues that reformers felt were especially important. Originally, income tax (the amount of money the government takes from your salary) was based on your state's population. Jim Crow and disenfranchisement of Black voters was even higher on the agenda. Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr pioneered the settlement house outreach to newly arrived immigrants by establishing Hull House in Chicago in 1889. [89], Between 1901 and 1911, Progressive Republicans in Wisconsin created the nation's first comprehensive statewide primary election system,[90] the first effective workplace injury compensation law,[91] and the first state income tax,[92] making taxation proportional to actual earnings. In other cases, political machines, or a small group of people that control politics by giving favors, took over state legislatures and picked their own candidates. [272] This however ignores the violence and racism central to Klan ideology and activities, that had nothing to do with improving society, so much as enforcing racial hierarchies. Corrections? They craved more sexual freedom following the sexually repressive and restrictive Victorian Era. The Progressive movement was a political and social-reform movement that brought major changes to the United States during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Johnson, Earl. Progressive reformers made the first comprehensive effort within the American context to address the problems that arose with the emergence of a modern urban and industrial society. [180], The most urgent need was better transportation. Using the language of municipal housekeeping women were able to push such reforms as prohibition, women's suffrage, child-saving, and public health. The divide between aggressive passionate love associated usually with men and a women's more spiritual romantic love became apparent in the middle class as women were judged on how they should be respected based on how they expressed these feelings. [58], Ida Tarbell, a writer and lecturer, was one of the leading muckrakers and pioneered investigative journalism. Certain key groups of thinkers, writers, and activists played key roles in creating or building the movements and ideas that came to define the shape of the Progressive Era. In the second half of the nineteenth century, the United States experienced an industrial boom. [278][279] William Link finds political Progressivism dominant in most of the South in the 1920s. "Review of Jones, Marian Moser, Paul R. Amato, and Shelley Irving, "Historical trends in divorce in the United States." Women's. [130] While the social hygiene movement achieved considerable success in promoting public health and morality, its approach of criminalizing prostitution and promoting abstinence failed to address the underlying causes of these issues, such as poverty, economic inequality, and gender inequality. [80], Progressivism was strongest in the cities, but the South was rural with few large cities. [268] However, as Arthur S. Link emphasized, the Progressives did not simply roll over and play dead. The House of Representatives was elected directly by the people, but the Senate was a different story. It called for a "New Nationalism" with active supervision of corporations, higher taxes, and unemployment and old-age insurance. Its goals were to enhance efficiency, reduce waste, and enlarge the opportunities for upward social mobility. [14] He suggested that using the initiative would give political power to the working class and reduce the need for strikes. In the early 20th century, there was a rise in political corruption, fraudulent conduct by people in power in the United States. They also advocated for more stringent censorship of literature and entertainment deemed morally unacceptable. Effects of Progressive Reforms. Enrollment in public secondary school went from 519,000 to 841,000. There were several issues raised during the Progressive Era that did not result in action at the federal government level. ", Mina Roces, "Filipino Elite Women and Public Health in the American Colonial Era, 19061940." These amendments addressed political corruption, voting rights, and alcohol consumption. Roosevelt broke bitterly with Taft in 1910, and also with Wisconsin's progressive leader Robert M. La Follette. Their explicit goal was to professionalize and make "scientific" the social sciences, especially history,[8] economics,[9] and political science. Weegy: Pushing for civil rights for African Americans was a Progressive Era reform. Match the Progressive-era president to the event that occurred during his administration. The Progressive Caucus has called on Albany lawmakers to allocate funding to both District Attorney and public defender offices to ensure that the 2019 reforms, which did not include funding . Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. Previous Section U.S. After the Civil War, the 15th Amendment gave all citizens the right to vote; however, at the time, women were not considered to be citizens. He was elected to a full term in 1904 and continued to promote progressive policies, some of which were passed in Congress. For example a feature article in 1897 stated: There has been no outrage too colossal, no petty meanness too contemptible for these freebooters to engage in. The business owners did however have little issue with selling the alcohol that the criminals like Capone provided.[240]. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 53 (4): 399425. He challenged Taft for the Republican presidential nomination in the 1912 presidential election, but his candidacy was overshadowed by Theodore Roosevelt. The Democrats were a minor factor in the state, but he did form coalitions with the active Socialist Party in Milwaukee. While the Oregon System was very successful, identify the two issues that broke the alliance between the middle-class urbanites, and workers and farmers. The 18th Amendment created Prohibition in the United States. He quipped, "I aimed at the public's heart and by accident, I hit it in the stomach," as readers demanded and got the Meat Inspection Act[20] and the Pure Food and Drug Act. in. Nonetheless, the movement genuinely sought to promote public health and social morality and to create a more stable and ordered society. Wilson also presided over the passage of the Federal Reserve Act, which created a central banking system in the form of the Federal Reserve System. Many subscribed to Andrew Carnegie's credo outlined in The Gospel of Wealth that said they owed a duty to society that called for philanthropic giving to colleges, hospitals, medical research, libraries, museums, religion, and social betterment. Tarbell is best known for her 1904 book, The History of the Standard Oil Company. Take a few moments to picture life during that time. [192], When Democrat Woodrow Wilson was elected president with a Democratic Congress in 1912 he implemented a series of Progressive policies in economics. Taft's attorney general George W. Wickersham personally supervised the most important cases against Standard Oil and American Tobacco. Progressive Era Reforms | Examples, Accomplishments & History, The Grange and the Populist Party Platform: Goals, History & Definitions, Ku Klux Klan Nativism & Eugenics | Movement & History. The crusading element of progressivism thus largely ended, apart from prohibition, although business-oriented efficiency efforts continued. [191] Government agencies were also transformed in an effort to improve administrative efficiency. Ellen Natasha Thompson, "The Changing Needs of Our Youth Today: The Response of 4-H to Social and Economic Transformations in Twentieth-century North Carolina." in Christopher M. Nichols and Nancy C. Unger, eds. He failed to win the nomination for governor in 1896 and 1898 before winning the 1900 gubernatorial election. (PhD Diss. Omissions? To prevent factionalism within the Democratic Party, Southern states began implementing primaries. In their quest for national community, many progressives revisited the lessons of the Civil War. 16th Amendment Summary, Importance & Purpose | What is the 16th Amendment? "[155], Legal historian Herbert Hovenkap argues that while many early Progressives inherited the racism of Jim Crow, as they began to innovate their own ideas, they would embrace behaviorism, cultural relativism, and marginalism, which stress environmental influences on humans rather than biological inheritance. His majority opinion in the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad v. Interstate Commerce Commission upheld the right of the federal government to regulate the hours of railroad workers. [159], Reformers also sought to streamline government through the introduction of the short ballot. Oregon was one of the few states where former Populists like U'Ren became progressive leaders. [fact or opinion? A progressive amendment is a law passed at the federal level and is considered an amendment to the Constitution. Which, if any, have an undetermined numerical value? The American Association for Highway Improvement was organized in 1910. Welcome to Brainly! Page 73118.1. The Progressive Era Movement definition is a period where the United States went through significant social and political reform. [131], Labor unions, especially the American Federation of Labor (AFL), grew rapidly in the early 20th century, and had a Progressive agenda as well. "[271] Some social historians have posited that the KKK may in fact fit into the Progressive agenda, if Klansmen are portrayed as "ordinary white Protestants" primarily interested in purification of the system, which had long been a core Progressive goal. Women in the Creation of the Profession of Social Work. Stivers, C. (2009). Folsom, Burton W. "Tinkerers, tipplers, and traitors: ethnicity and democratic reform in Nebraska during the Progressive era. [21], The journalists who specialized in exposing waste, corruption, and scandal operated at the state and local level, like Ray Stannard Baker, George Creel, and Brand Whitlock. The main motivation was to reduce the power of political bosses, who controlled the Senate seats by virtue of their control of state legislatures. Abolishing slavery B. He states that ultimately Progressives "were responsible for bringing scientific racism to an end". This allowed both Carnegie and Rockefeller to operate internationally with a powerful effect. It included, in addition to the rapid building of a public school system based on English teaching, and boasted about such modernizing achievements as: steel and concrete wharves at the newly renovated Port of Manila; dredging the River Pasig; streamlining of the Insular Government; accurate, intelligible accounting; the construction of a telegraph and cable communications network; the establishment of a postal savings bank; large-scale road- and bridge-building; impartial and incorrupt policing; well-financed civil engineering; the conservation of old Spanish architecture; large public parks; a bidding process for the right to build railways; Corporation law; and a coastal and geological survey. Regulations that progressive groups . Funding came from automobile registration, and taxes on motor fuels, as well as state aid. Two major laws, the Federal Trade Commission Act and the Clayton Antitrust Act, were passed to regulate business and prevent monopolies. Unlike the final election run by government officials, primaries are run by party officials, making it easy to discriminate against black voters in the era of Jim Crow. The changes that the Progressive Era brought about were limited. - Biography, Facts & Timeline, Oneida Nation: History & Connection to Paul Revere, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community. The heyday of the amateur expert gave way to the research professor who published in the new scholarly journals and presses. The hurriedly created over thirty new corporations to replace Standard, plus several in tobacco. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. [249], The Flexner Report of 1910, sponsored by the Carnegie Foundation, professionalized American medicine by discarding the scores of local small medical schools and focusing national funds, resources, and prestige on larger, professionalized medical schools associated with universities. Most important, the traditionalists did not want to become modern, and did not want their children inculcated with alien modern values through comprehensive schools that were remote from local control. The goal was to establish a more perfect society on earth in preparation for Christ's Second Coming. ", Allen F. Davis, "Welfare, Reform and World War I. In 1905 the legislature elected him to the United States Senate, where he emerged as a national progressive leader, often clashing with conservatives like Senator Nelson Aldrich. Tweed and his cronies took bribes and graft, where bosses skimmed money from public funds for themselves, and offered jobs with the expectation that people would return the favor. The main advocates of progressivism were often middle-class social reformers. August 2013, online, "Celebrating Women's History Month: The Fight for Women's Rights and the American Civil Liberties Union, ACLU", "Initiative, Referendum and Recall Introduction", "Wisconsin's Legal History: Law and the Progressive Era, Part 3: Reforming the Workplace", "The Establishment of Wisconsin's Income Tax", "The Origins of Unemployment Insurance in Wisconsin", "Transnational Reform and Democracy: Election Reforms in New York City and Berlin Around 1900", Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era, "Consensus for Reform: The Mothers'-Pension Movement in the Progressive Era", "State Initiative and Referendum Summary", "Retrospectives: Eugenics and Economics in the Progressive Era", UC Santa Barbara, "The American Presidency Project", https://www.theguardian.com/film/2012/aug/26/lawless-prohibition-gangsters-speakeasies, "A Brief Overview of Progressive Education", "Statistics: Education in America, 18601950", Bibliography of Woodrow Wilson Other primary sources, 1908 Republican campaign text-book online, 1916 Republican campaign text-book online, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Progressive_Era&oldid=1152241517, Baker, Paula. According to James Wright, the typical Progressive agenda at the state level included: A reduction of corporate influence, open processes of government and politics, equity entrance in taxation, efficiency in government mental operation, and an expanded, albeit limited, state responsibility to the citizens who are most vulnerable and deprived. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Reformers such as Taft believed landownership would turn unruly agrarians into loyal subjects. But that dynamic growth also generated profound economic and social ills that challenged the decentralized form of republican government that characterized the United States. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. The influx of immigration grew steadily after 1896, with most new arrivals being unskilled workers from southern and eastern Europe. in, Nancy C. Unger, "The Political Suicide of Robert M. La Follette: Public Disaster, Private Catharsis", Nancy C. Unger, "The Political Suicide of Robert M. La Follette: Public Disaster, Private Catharsis" Psychohistory Review 21#2 (1993) pp. In their efforts to grapple with the challenges of industrialization, progressives championed three principal causes. Place the following Progressive accomplishments in chronological order. Drastic changes in land ownership posed a major challenge to local elites, who would not accept it, nor would their peasant clients. [248] The Southern Education Board came together to publicize the importance of reform. However, candidates who competed in the primaries and lost were prohibited from running as independents in the fall election. Roosevelt gave these journalists their nickname when he complained they were not being helpful by raking up too much muck. The Populists were animated by a radical agrarianism that celebrated the Jeffersonian and Jacksonian assault on monopolistic power. In the early 20th century most states adopted the system for local and state racesbut only 14 used it for delegates to the national presidential nominating conventions. The 18th Amendment created prohibition in the United States - Americans could not make, sell, or transport alcohol, though it would be repealed in 1933 by the 21st Amendment. Moreover, its strict moral standards often marginalized groups such as immigrants and African Americans. It was defeated because interest had waned, and strong opposition had developed especially in the German-American community, which feared women would impose prohibition. Related Items. Incorrect Answer(s) [252], In the legal profession, the American Bar Association set up in 1900 the Association of American Law Schools (AALS). The Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) and the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) were among the leading groups that encouraged abstinence and discouraged premarital sex. At the start of the 20th century, ideas of socialism and communism reached the United States. The Progressive Era touched nearly every facet of American life, including labor reform, increased government regulation, and expansion of democracy. [10] Changes to the Ohio State Constitution from 1803 to 1851, Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy | Overview, History & Impact. Create your account. The Progressive Movement was a time when reformers and progressives lobbied and fought for political and social change. Home economics emerged at the end of the nineteenth century in response to the many changes occurring both at the level of material culture and practices and in the more abstract realm of gender ideology and thinking about the home. One of the most influential political machines was Tammany Hall in New York City led by William ''Boss'' Tweed. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1958. Bellamys reformed society had thus, as his protagonist Julian West notes with great satisfaction, simply applied the principle of universal military service, as it was understood during the 19th century, to the labor question. In Bellamys utopian world there were no battlefields, but those who displayed exceptional valour in promoting the prosperity of society were honoured for their service. Across the South the General Education Board (funded by the Rockefeller family) provided large-scale subsidies for black schools, which otherwise continued to be underfunded. During World War I, La Follette was the most outspoken opponent of the administration's domestic and international policies. New York State took the lead in 1898, and by 1916 the old system had been discarded in every area. Christina Simmons, "African Americans and sexual victorianism in the social hygiene movement, 1910-40. Mainline Protestant denominations adopted the Social Gospel. helped settle hundreds of industrial disputes and encouraged improvements in factory safety and the establishment of pensions for long-term workersMatch:AFLadvocated cooperation with corporate and political leaders to achieve workers' goalsMatch:AFLadvocated a workers' revolution that would seize the means of production and abolish the stateMatch:IWW, Chapter 18: The Progressive Era, 1900-1916, Inquisitive - Chapter 18: The Progressive Era, HDFS Human Development and Interventions Test, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers, Timothy D. Wilson, Information Technology Project Management: Providing Measurable Organizational Value, Operations Management: Sustainability and Supply Chain Management. As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over 88,000 According to Wendy Rouse, feminists sought to raise awareness about the sexual harassment and violence that women faced on the street, at work, and in the home. The unions wanted restrictions on judges who intervened in labor disputes, usually on the side of the employer. Advertisement Advertisement [127] When the U.S. entered the war a high priority was to end prostitution in proximity to military installations. [169] Many cities set up municipal reference bureaus to study the budgets and administrative structures of local governments. This disarray enabled the conservatives (called "Stalwarts") to elect Emanuel Philipp as governor in 1914. The term has been used in several ways, but primarily has referred to the Progressive Movement of the late 19 th and early 20 th centuries. He told Taft, "the disintegrated companies of both the oil and tobacco trust are spending many times what was formerly spent by anyone in advertising in the newspapers. The book was published as a series of articles in McClure's Magazine from 1902 to 1904. Croly was one of the founders of modern liberalism in the United States, especially through his books, essays and a highly influential magazine founded in 1914, The New Republic. He made conservation a top priority and established many new national parks, forests, and monuments intended to preserve the nation's natural resources. Characteristics of Progressivism included a favorable attitude toward urbanindustrial society, belief in mankind's ability to improve the environment and conditions of life, belief in an obligation to intervene in economic and social affairs, a belief in the ability of experts and in the efficiency of government intervention. No videos. Allen F. Davis, "The social workers and the progressive party, 1912-1916. There was significant political and social reform at both the state and national levels. As president he introduced a comprehensive program of domestic legislation. During the Progressive era, female activists used traditional constructions of womanhood, which imagined all women as mothers and homemakers, to justify their entrance into community affairs: as "municipal housekeepers," they would clean up politics, cities, and see after the health and well-being of their neighbors. [1][2] Progressives sought to address the problems caused by rapid industrialization, urbanization, immigration, and political corruption; and by the enormous concentration of industrial ownership in monopolies. They wanted to inspire a sense of physical and personal empowerment through training in active self-defense. Which of the following was one effect of the Progressive Era political reforms of initiative, referendum, and recall? It is difficult to determine the level of compliance, and although the media at the time portrayed the law as highly ineffective, even if it did not eradicate the use of alcohol, it certainly decreased alcohol consumption during the period. Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 | Overview, Summary & History, The Ohio Constitution & the Structure of the US Government, American Industry Development in the Gilded Age: Bessemer Process, Scientific Management & New Business Models. The 17th Amendment allowed for the direct election of U.S. senators. [10] Professionalization meant creating new career tracks in the universities, with hiring and promotion dependent on meeting international models of scholarship. In particular, the mixing of black and white pleasure-seekers in "black-and-tan" clubs troubled Progressive reformers. [150][151][152] As white Progressives sought to help the white working class, clean up politics, and improve the cities, the country instated the system of racial segregation known as Jim Crow. [208], Foreign policy in the progressive era was often marked by a tone of moral supremacy. Inspiration for the initiative movement was based on the Swiss experience. Michael J. Klarman, "The White Primary Rulings: A Case Study in the Consequences of Supreme Court Decisionmaking". The Progressive Movement started in the 1870s and lasted to 1920. Progressives advocated censorship of motion pictures as it was believed that patrons (especially children) viewing movies in dark, unclean, potentially unsafe theaters, might be negatively influenced in witnessing actors portraying crimes, violence, and sexually suggestive situations. [233] Agitation for prohibition began during the Second Great Awakening in the 1840s when crusades against drinking originated from evangelical Protestants. A coalition of middle class reform-oriented voters, academic experts, and reformers hostile to the political machines started forming in the 1890s and introduced a series of reforms in urban America, designed to reduce waste, inefficiency and corruption, by introducing scientific methods, compulsory education and administrative innovations. [118], At the local level the new city manager system was designed by progressives to increase efficiency and reduce partisanship and avoid the bribery of elected local officials.
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